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Notation, Symbols and Abbreviations

Scientific notation:

m: milli, 10 = 1 / 1000 m: micro, 10 = 1 / 1000 000. n: nano, 10 = 1 / 1000 000 000 p: pico, 10 = 1 / 1000 000 000 000 f: femto, 10 = 1 / 1000 000 000 000 000

K: kilo, 10 = 1000 M: Mega, 10 = 1000 000 G: Giga, 10 = 1000 000 000 T: Tera, 10 = 1000 000 000 000

The Greek Alphabet:

Alpha A a Beta B b Gamma G g Delta D d Epsilon E e Zeta Z z Eta H h Theta Q q

Iota I i Kappa K k Lambda L l Mu M m Nu N n Xi X x Omicron O o Pi P p

Rho R r Sigma S s Tau T t Upsilon U u Phi F f Chi C c Psi Y y Omega W w

Fundamental Constants and Relationships:

Quantity	Symbol	Definition	Accepted value
Speed of light	c	= 1/Öm0e0	= 299 792 458 ±0 metres / second
Permittivity of free space	e0		= 8.854187818´ 10 Farads / metre
Permeability of free space	m0		= 4p´ 10 Henrys / metre
Planck's constant	h		= 6.62606896(33) x 10 Joule seconds
Electron charge	qe		= -1.6021892 x 10 Coulombs
Impedance of free space	Z0	= Ö(m0/e0)	= 376.7303134 W
von Klitzing resistance	RvK	= h / qe²	= 25812.8056 W
Fine-structure constant	a	= Z0 / 2RvK	= 7.2973525376(50) x 10

Symbols and Abbreviations: (Quantities written in bold typeface are vectors).

//	"In parallel with". The parallel operator such that a//b = ab/(a+b).
|x|	"The magnitude (modulus) of x"	¹	not equal to
'	"Prime" (denotes modified definition)	>	Greater than.
"	"Double prime".	>>	much greater than
!	Factorial.	<	less than
®	tends towards	<<	much less than
º	equivalent to, equal by definition. ( is used in some texts)	/	divided by, "in units of"
[ ]	encloses units in dimensional analysis.

a	alpha	Temperature coefficient. Fine-structure constant.
G	Gamma	reflection coefficient.
d	delta	The loss-angle of a reactive impedance. d=90-f. A small change or increment.
D	Delta	"the change in" (operator)
e, e	epsilon	Permittivity. Complex (i.e., includes losses) when bold.
er, er		Relative permittivity. Dielectric constant
h, h	eta	A ratio. A dimensionless transfer function. e.g., the relationship between input and output for a network such as Vout/Vin. Efficiency.
l	lambda	Wavelength = c/f, i.e., the speed of light divided by the frequency in Hz.
l'	lambda prime	Electrical wavelength, i.e., wavelencth when the effective propagation velocity differes from c.
m:	mu (italic)	parent mean.
m, m	mu	permeability. Complex (i.e., includes losses) when bold.
mi		Initial (low frequency) relative permeability of a magnetic material.
mr, mr		Relative permeability. A dimensionless number which is multiplied by m0 to obtain the absolute permeability.
n	nu	the number of degrees of freedom of a data set.
X	Xi	AC resistance factor defined such that Rac = Rdc X.
p	pi	Ratio of circumference to diameter of a circle = 3.14159265.......
r	rho	volume resistivity.
r	rho (italic)	density.
S	Sigma	summation operator.
s	sigma	standard deviation
s²	sigma squared	statistical variance.
F	Phi	Proximity factor (proportionate increase in resistance due to external fields).
f	phi	Phase angle. Angle between an impedance vector and the resistance (real) axis in impedance space.
c	chi	Magnetic susceptibility.
c²	chi-squared	The normalised square error sum.
c²/n	reduced chi-squared	chi-squared divided by the number of degrees of freedom in the data.
W	Omega	Ohms (unit of resistance)
w	omega	Angular frequency = 2pf [ radians / second ]

A	Amperes
a	graph intercept. Zero-order fitting parameter.
AC	Alternating current
AL	Inductance factor (Henrys per turn-squared)
AGC	Automatic Gain Control.
ALC	Automatic Level Control (particularly, carrier level of a radio transmitter).
AMU	Antenna matching unit.
ATU	Antenna tuning unit.
B	Susceptance. The imaginary part of an admittance.
BC	The susceptance of a capacitor. BC = 2pfC
BL	The susceptance of an inductor. BL = -1/(2pfL)
b	Gradient of a regression line. First-order fitting parameter.
C, C	Capacitance. Complex (i.e., includes losses) when bold.
C	(italic) capacitance per unit length
c	Velocity of light = 299 792 458 m/s
CRAB	Capacitor ratio-arm bridge.
CVS	Capacitive voltage-sampling.
D	Denominator. Diameter of a cylinder or solenoid.
d	Differential operator. Diameter (of a wire, etc.)
¶	("curly d") partial differential operator .
DC	Direct current
DMM	Digital multi-meter
DVM	Digital Voltmeter.
E	Energy
e	Euler's or Napier's number = 2.7182818.......
ERP	Effective rediated power.
ESD	Estimated Standard Deviation.
ESL	Equivalent series inductance.
ESR	Equivalent series resistance.
F	Farads (unit of capacitance).
f	frequency
f	(italic) function operator; e.g., y = f(x)
FSD	Full-scale deflection (of a meter).
G	Conductance. The real part of an admittance.
H	Henrys (unit of inductance).
h	height
HF	High-frequency. The short-wave radio spectrum between 1.6 and 30MHz.
Hz	Hertz (cycles per second).
I, I	Current phasor, Current.
i	(subscript)  relating to current sampling.
j	(in bold) = Ö(-1) , the 90° rotation operator.
k	A constant or parameter. Boltzmann's constant.
L, L	Inductance. Complex (i.e., includes losses) when bold.
L'	(L prime) Inductance modified by the effect of self capacitance.
L	(italic) Inductance per unit length.
, l	length
l'	(l prime) Electrical length, i.e., lc/v
LF	Low frequency
ln	Loge , Naperian logarithm (operator)
M	Mutual inductance
m	metres (unit of length)
MDB	Magnitude-Difference Bridge.
N	Numerator. A number. The number of turns in a coil.
n	Refractive index. The number of observations in a data set. An arbitrary integer.
P	Power
PF	Power-factor
Q	Quality. The ratio of reactance to resistance of an impedance in series form.
R	Resistance. The real part of an impedance.
R	(italic) Resistance per unit length.
r	radius
R0	The characteristic resistance, or surge resistance, of a transmission line. The real part of Z0. A reference or standard resistance. The target or design load resistance.
RF	Radio frequency
RFC	Radio-frequency choke (an inductor intended to present a high impedance at radio frequencies).
RMS	"Root Mean Squared". The equavalent direct current or voltage which gives the same heating effect as an alternating current or voltage. The magnitude of an average.
Rr	Radiation Resistance, That part of impedance which is associated with energy radiated into space.
RVS	Resistive voltage-sampling.
s	seconds (units). An arbitrary scalar constant.
S	Siemens, W (the unit of conductance, formerly known as the Mho). SWR
SRF	self-resonance frequency.
SWR	Standing Wave Ratio.
T	temperature
t	time
TP	Test point.
TRAB	Transformer ratio-arm bridge.
TVS	Transformer voltage-sampling
U, U	Arbitrary mathematical function (complex when bold).
V, V	Voltage phasor (bold), Voltage, Volts.
v	(subscript) relating to voltage sampling. velocity.
VCA	Voltage-Controlled Amplifier.
W	Watts
w	width
x	An independent variable.
	("x bar")   sample mean.
X	Reactance. The imaginary part of an impedance.
X0	The characteristic reactance of a lossy transmission line (always negative). The reactance of a standard or reference capacitor.
XC	The reactance of a capacitor. XC = -1/(2pfC)
XL	The reactance of an inductor. XL = 2pfL
Y	Admittance. The reciprocal of impedance. Y = G + jB
y	A dependent variable.
Z	Impedance. Z = R + jX
Z0	The characteristic impedance of a lossy transmission line. Z0 = R0 + jX0 . X0 is negative.
Z0	The impedance of free space (real for a Lorentzian vacuum, hence not bold).

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